ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਗਰੀਕਲਚਰਲ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ
PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
62nd Year of Education & Service
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / Faculty
Name : |
Dr Ritesh Jain |
Designation : |
Associate Professor |
Office Phone : |
0161-2401960-259 |
Mobile : |
9463319384 |
Email (Office) : |
ritesh5@pau.edu |
Research Areas : |
-- |
Researcher ID's : |
-- |
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / Home
Civil Engineering, a basic department of College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology offers courses of immense use & applications to B.Tech. Agricultural Engineering students. Students are taught certain aspects of Civil Engineering applicable to Agricultural Engineering which they can directly or indirectly apply in the field after graduating from their alma matter. Courses related to structures viz. Building Construction & Cost Estimation, Strength of materials and Design of Structures provides knowledge to the students regarding the properties and uses of engineering materials such as steel, wood, glass etc. It also helps in analyzing design & construction as aspects of different topics of structures like farm structures, storage sheds & biogas plants etc. B. Tech. Agri. Engineering students are also taught courses in Hydrology & Environment Engineering by virtue of which they develop expertise in water Resources availability and management. Training is imparted to students in surveying which helps them to conduct survey for various Engineering projects particularly in the area of watershed management. Even the agricultural graduates have joined Insurance companies to assess the losses due to damage and other causes. Above all, the courses taught make Agri. Engineers well versed with different aspects of Civil Engineering. The knowledge acquired by the students from these courses helps them in getting admission in M.Tech Programme in Water Resources, Hydrology, Water Management, Environmental Engineering etc in addition to the discipline directly applicable to Agricultural Engineering. Due to the knowledge of Civil Engineering gained through these courses, some of the students are working as entrepreneurs in the construction industry.
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / Head of Department
Name : Dr. V.P.Sethi
Address : Head Deptt. of Civil Engineering
Office : 0161-2401960 Ext-322, Ext-322
Phone : 9814526629
E-Mail : hodce@pau.edu
Brief Introduction
Dr. V P Sethi joined B Tech in Agricultural Engineering at College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, PAU in the year 1985. He graduated in 1989 and gained industrial experience for two years before joining M Tech in the year 1991 in Mechanical Engineering department (Thermal Environmental Engg.,) at PAU. He received Jindal Irrigation scholarship during B Tech and PAU merit Scholarship during M Tech programme. He joined as Assistant Professor in the department of Mechanical Engineering in July 1993 and taught many subjects of Mechanical Engineering for about 11 years before joining Ph D (in Solar Thermal Engineering) at Energy Research Centre, Panjab University Chandigarh in 2004. His Ph D thesis was nominated amongst the top 10 best theses at the National level by Indian National Academy of Engineers (INAE) for innovative students’ project award-2007. He was promoted as Associate Professor in May 2007 and as Professor from July 2010. He remained Head of the Mechanical Engg. Dept. from Aug. 2014 to Aug. 2018. Now he has been given the additional responsibility of as HoD of the department.
Apart from teaching UG and PG courses, he has handled Five research projects as PI (i) ICAR funded extramural project; Design & Development of forced draft paddy straw bale combustor technology for water and greenhouse heating in winter for higher crop productivity. (ii) Design & Development of forced draft paddy straw bale combustor technology for multi-purpose applications (crop drying, room heating and cooking). (iii) Punjab Govt. (on Solar Energy Utilization), (ii) ICAR (AICRP, Solar Energy component) and (iii) RKVY (Indigenous Hydroponics Technology) & one Project as Associated Scientist (AICRP Wind Energy component).
During the last two decades, Dr Sethi has contributed significantly in research at National and International level by conducting important studies and developing technologies in the areas of Biomass (paddy straw management), greenhouse design, thermal modeling, micro-climate control, efficient solar cooker designs, Photovoltaic mathematical models for maximum power output. He has also developed many affordable and field-worthy greenhouse technologies for higher economic gains for the farmers. He has also developed indigenous substrate and Nutrient Film Technologies (NFT) hydroponics technologies (soil-less farming) for non-arable lands and urban rooftops along with nutrient dossier system for higher water and crop productivity.
In recognition of his research contributions, The Institution of Engineers (India) has awarded him two National awards (i) K F Antia Memorial award-2008 and (ii) President of India’s Award-2010 for best published work. He was sent by PAU for advance training on “Solar thermal & PV system applications” to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University (NDSU), Fargo, USA for three months in 2011. Later on in 2012, Dr Sethi was again invited as “Visiting Research Faculty” by the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Plant Sciences NDSU for collaborative research work in the area of Greenhouse thermal modeling and Micro-climatic control.
He was awarded distinction at International level by Stanford University, USA on 19 Nov. 2019 by publishing the list of the top 2% best scientists list at global level in which his name was included (Rank 151141) for scientists working in all fields of research on the basis productive and useful work on the basis of highly cited research in the area of Energy for the period for last 25 years (1996-2020). Only 1000 Indian scientists could make into this prestigious list at global level. Recently he was Conferred with “International Fellow Award” for outstanding contributions organized by SardarVallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut and New Age Mobilization Society, New Delhi at National Conference on “Identification, Convergence, implementation & Extension of Researchable Issues (ICIESSD-2019) for Sustainable Development” 20-21 August 2019 at Meerut. He has published more than 80 research and review papers in international and national journals and presented 25 research papers and invited talks at National and International conferences in India and Abroad.
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / Thrust Areas
- To impart quality education to students of B Tech (Agricultural Engineering) in the subjects of Civil Engineering.
- To impart quality education to the P. G. students of Civil Engineering and Agricultural Engineering.
- To create awareness about the biogas technology and popularize the biogas plants among the farmers.
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / Faculty
Faculty
| S.No | Name & Designation | E-Mail/Telephone |
| 1. | Er Deepak Gupta Associate Professor |
@pau.edu |
| 2. | Dr Jaspal Singh Professor and Chief Engineer at GADVASU, Ludhiana. |
jaspalsingh@pau.edu 9463313427 |
| 3. | Er Manpreet Kaur Assistant Professor(on study leave) |
manpreetkharay@pau.edu 9855506342 |
| 4. | Dr Ritesh Jain Associate Professor |
ritesh5@pau.edu 9463319384 |
| 5. | Er Sarvesh Kumar Assistant Professor (on study leave) |
sarveshkamboj@pau.edu 9780247125 |
| 6. | Er Satinder Kaur Khattra Assistant Professor |
satinder113@pau.edu 8146033776 |
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / Faculty Distinctions
- Dr. N.K. Khullar has receivedBest teacher award, ISTE in Feb, (2017).
- Dr. Jaspal Singh received Gold medal in the field of Engineering by Society for Recent Development in Agriculture, Meerut (2009).
- Dr. Jaspal Singh received Shiksha Rattan Puraskar by India International Friendship Society, New Delhi (2007).
- Dr. Jaspal Singh received Certificate of Excellence in recognition of academic excellence by India International Friendship Society, New Delhi (1991)
- Dr. V R Sharma was bestowed upon best teacher award by ISTE (2004)
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / Important Achievements
Dr. Jaspal Singh has been selected by Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund in recognition of academic excellence (First in the University) at Postgraduate level.
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / Current Projects
| Collaborative Research Project | ||
|
1. |
Waste to wealth production and characterization of livestock waste based products |
PI: Dr Sanjay Choudhary (GADVASU) Co-PI : Er. Satinder Kaur Khattra |
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / Important Publications
- Puri Kavin, Jain Ritesh and Singh Jaspal. (2022). Studies on Deteriorating Air Quality in some Major Cities of Punjab. Ecology, Environment And Conservation. 28 (4): 2119-2122 (Web of science indexed journal).
- Jain Ritesh, Singh Jaspal and Dhiman Prince. (2022). “Geoinformatics and surface water”. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education (INT-JECSE). 14(2):5064-5069. (Web of science indexed impact factor 0.76 ).
- Kaur Pawandeep , Singh Jaspal, Kaur Manpreet and Jain Ritesh 2020. Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Mortar Reinforced with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes – A Case Study. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, ISSN : 2457-1024, 39(41) : 47-58, Dec 2020. (NAAS = 5.32)
- Kaur Mandeep, Singh Jaspal and Kaur Manpreet(2018). Microstructure and strength development of fly ash- based geopolymer mortar : Role of nano – metakaolin, Construction and Building Materials, 190 : 672-679, Impact Factor = 3.169, Sept 2018 (NAAS Rating -9.169).
- Kaur Kamaldeep, Singh Jaspal and Kaur Manpreet (2018). Compressive strength of rice husk ash based geopolymer : The effect of alkaline activator, Construction and Building Materials, ISSN : 0950-0618, 169 : 188-192, Impact Factor= 3.169 (NAAS Rating - 9.169)
- Mandeep Kaur, Jaspal Singh,Manpreet Kaur(2018), “Synthesis of fly ash based geopolymer mortar considering different concentrations and combinations of alkaline activator solution”, Ceramics International, vol. 44, No-2, pp 1534-1537. (NAAS Rating – 8.99)
- Manmeet Kaur, Jaspal Singh, Manpreet Kaur (2017), “Controlling Environmental Pollution Through Concrete Technology”, Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, An International Quarterly Scientific Journal, vol. 16, No-2, pp 673-677. (NAAS Rating –4.94)
- Singh Devinder, Singh Jaspal and Singh Jagmeet (2017). Sustainable Management of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Coal Bottom Ash in Concrete. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, ISSN: 0972-6268. 16 (1):295-300, March 2017. (NAAS Rating -4.94).
- Kaur Manmeet, Singh Jaspal, Kaur Manpreet and Khullar N K (2016). Optimum Utilization of Polypropylene Fibre in Concrete. Agricultural Research journal, ISSN(P) : 2395-1435, ISSN(O) : 2395-146X. 53 (3): 431-435, September 2016 (NAAS Rating- 4.71).
- Singh Gurjit, Singh Jaspal and Singh Jagmeet (2016). Sustainable use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Waste Glass in Concrete. Pollution Research, ISSN: 0257-8050. 35(4): 157-164, July 2016 (NAAS Rating- 4.74).
- Aulakh D S , Singh Jaspal , Khullar N K and Kumar S 2015. Study on the characteristics of previous concrete. Journal of Agricultural Research, 52 (2): 167-171, June 2015. (NAAS Rating- 4.71)
- Pawandeep Kaur, Jaspal Singh,Manpreet Kaur and Ritesh Jain. 2020.Metakaolin based Geopolymer mortar reinfoced with multi walled carbon nanotubes-A case study. .Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 39(41):47-58. (NAAS Rating -5.32)
- Khullar N K and Singh Jaspal (2014). Study on changes in bed characteristics and friction factor in the presence of wash load in suspension. International Journal of Sediment Research, 29 (4) : 501-508, December 2014 (NAAS Rating -7.659)
- Khullar, N K, Kothyari, U C and Ranga Raju, K G. (2013) Study of deposition of fine sediment within the pores of a coarse sediment bed stream. International Journal of Sediment Research 28 (2): 210-219.
- Raina, A K, Lubana, P. P. S, Khullar, N K, Srivastava R K and Jain A K (2011) “Modelling runoff using modified SCN-CN method in Shivalik Micro watersheds”. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. Vol. 10 (3), pp 198-207
- Khullar N.K & Singh Jaspal (2011) Status of Biogas Plants and their role in green house gas production ‘published in Journal of Research PAU. Vol 48 (1 & 2) pp 63-67 (ISSN: 0048-6019)
- Khullar, N K, Kothyari, U C and Ranga Raju, K G (2010) “Suspended Washload transport of nonuniform sediments”. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE 136 (8), pp. 534-543. Indian Journals
- Soni Ashwani, Aggarwal Rajan and Khullar N K (2008) “Potential of rainwater harvesting for an urban area”. Journal of Research published by Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana 45 (3&4): 196-199
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / Academic Programs
The Department is involved in teaching to both undergraduate and post-graduate students. The following courses are taught:
Program Outcomes and Program Specific Outcomes of P. G. Programmes
Undergraduate Courses
| Undergraduate Courses | |||
| Course Code | Course Title | Semester | Credit Hours |
| CE-104 | Surveying and Leveling | II | 1+2 |
| CE-203 | Engineering Mechanics | II | 2+1 |
| CE-204 | Watershed Hydrology | I | 2+1 |
| CE-205 | Soil Mechanics | II | 2+1 |
| CE-205 | Soil Mechanics | II | 2+1 |
| CE-305 | Strength of Materials | I | 2+1 |
| CE-403 | Design of Structures | II | 2+1 |
| Cafeteria Courses | |||
| CE-404 | Environmental Engineering | II | 2+1 |
| CE-405 | Building Technology & Construction Practices | II | 2+1 |
P.G. Programmes
M. Tech
- Hydrology & Water Resources Engineering
- Structural Engineering
Ph.D
- Civil Engineering
M Tech Courses
| Course Title | Course Code | Credits |
| Dimensional Analysis and Similitude | CE 501 | 2+0 |
| Water Quality and Pollution Control | CE 502* | 2+1 |
| Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures | CE 503 | 3+0 |
| Advanced Construction Practices and Steel Detailing | CE 504 | 2+1 |
| Repair and Retrofitting of Structures | CE 505 | 3+0 |
| Dams and Reservoir Operations | CE 506* | 2+1 |
| Open Channel Flow | CE 507* | 3+0 |
| Agro Industrial Pollution Control | CE 508 | 3+0 |
| Control of Pollution from Solid Waste | CE 509 | 2+0 |
| Experimental Stress Analysis | CE 510 | 3+0 |
| Landfills and Ash ponds | CE 511 | 3+0 |
| Mechanics of Sediment Transport | CE 512 | 3+0 |
| Geotechnical Investigations And Ground Improvement | CE 513 | 3+0 |
| Environmental System Analysis | CE 514 | 2+0 |
| Solid and Hazardous Waste Management | CE 515 | 3+0 |
| Construction Management and Equipment | CE 516 | 3+0 |
| Concrete Technology and Pre-stressed Concrete | CE 517 | 3+0 |
| Advanced Foundation Design | CE 518 | 3+0 |
| Advanced Solid Mechanics | CE 519 | 3+0 |
| Design of R. C. C. Bridges | CE 520 | 2+1 |
| Inelastic Design in Structures | CE521 | 3+0 |
| Advanced Structural Analysis | CE522 | 3+0 |
| Master’s Seminar | CE 591 | 1(1+0) |
| Master’s Research | CE 600 | 30(0+30) |
PhD Courses
| Course Title | Course Code | Credits |
| Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design | CE 601 | 3+0 |
| Dynamic Response of Structures | CE 602 | 3+0 |
| Finite Element Applications in Structural Engineering | CE 603 | 3+0 |
| Design of Tall Structures | CE 604 | 3+0 |
| Design of Industrial Structures | CE 605 | 3+0 |
| Optimization Techniques in Structural Engineering | CE 606 | 3+0 |
| Doctoral Seminar-I | CE-691 | 1(1+0) |
| Doctoral Seminar-II | CE-692 | 1(1+0) |
| Doctoral Research | CE-699 | 75(0+75) |
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / Facilities & Services
 Material Testing Lab |
 Soil Mechnics Lab |
 Environmenal Engineering Lab |
 Surveying lab |
 Simlitude Lab |
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology / Civil Engineering / PG Students
Ph. D students of the Department
|
Name of the student Admission No. |
Year of passing |
Title of thesis |
|
Jagbir Singh L-2002-AE-84-D |
2003 |
Optimized design of reinforced concrete frames. |
|
Jaspal Singh L-2003-AE-87-D |
2007 |
Parametric study on structural response of RCC hopper bottom cylinderical silos |
|
Mohan Lal Bansal L-1996-AE-60-D |
2001 | Analysis of circular steel silos for wind loading |
M. Tech student of the department:
|
Name of the student Admission No. |
Year of passing |
Title of thesis |
|
VK Sharda |
1980 |
Prediction of transient bed profiles of a degrading stream |
|
Rameshwar Prasad L-82-AE-192-M |
1984 |
Modelling of water Management system in canal commanded area |
|
Bhupinder Pal Singh L-85-AE-214-M |
1987 |
Effect of calcium chloride on fly ash concrete |
|
Sandeep Kumar Saluja L-85-AE-218-M |
1987 |
Effect of fly ash on steel fibre reinforced concrete |
|
Sunil kumar L-85-AE-219-M |
1987 |
Strength characteristics of partially and fully steel fibre feinforced concrete beams |
|
Jatinder pal Singh L-86-AE-215-M |
1989 |
Effect of pollution of Buddha nala on ground water consumed by nearby inhabitants |
|
Neeraj Kumar L-86-AE-215-M |
1989 |
Aggradation and Degradation in Alluvial Channels |
|
Tajinder pal Singh L-86-AE-217-M |
1990 |
Seepage and stability analysis of small earthen dams |
|
Harminder pal singh L-87-AE-204-M |
1989 |
Effect of steel fibre on conventionally reinforced concrete deep beams |
|
Jaspal Singh L-87-AE-205-M |
1989 |
Optimization of rectangular beams and axially loaded columns using limit state method |
|
Mahesh Khanna L-87-AE-254-M |
1990 |
Shear strength of fibre reinforced concrete deep beams |
|
Baljit Singh L-88-AE-258-M |
1991 |
Traval of pollutants from PAU biogas plants to sub soil |
|
Gurdarshan Singh L-88-AE-259-M |
1991 |
Study for pollution and its seasonal variations in Buddha nala |
|
Sarabjit Singh L-88-AE-271-M |
1991 |
Hydrological studies for dams inungauged small water sheds |
|
Balwinder singh L-89-AE-190-M |
1991 |
Optimization of one way &two way reinforced cement concrete slabs using limit state method |
|
Jagmohan singh L-89-AE-191-M |
1991 |
Optimization of rectangular doubly reinforced beams & t beams using limit state method |
|
Satwinder Singh L-89-AE-192-M |
1991 |
Optimum design of reinforced cement concrete frames with ductility concept |
|
Varinder Kumar L-89-AE-194-M |
1991 |
Optimization design of steel frames with ductility concept |
|
Navneet Kumar L-89-AE-187-M |
1992 |
Optimization of eccentrically loaded reinforced concrete columns |
|
Parwinder Singh L-90-AE-278-M |
1993 |
Effect compaction of core on seepage and stability of earth and rock fill dams |
|
Arun Kumar Singh L-91-AE-195-M |
1994 |
Prediction of extreme winds from short records |
|
Jawinder Singh chahal L-91-AE-197-M |
1997 |
Wind spectra over a wide frequency range |
|
Devinder Singh wadhwa L-91-AE-196-M |
1998 |
Limit state structural design of reinforced cement concrete frames with ductility concept |
|
Parvinder Singh L-92-AE-104-M |
1995 |
Prediction of height of dumes in alluvial channels |
|
Ashutosh Kumar L-92-AE-101-M |
1995 |
Effect of environmental pollution on suitability of canal water for domestic use |
|
Ashwani Soni L-92-AE-102-M |
1995 |
Development of rainfall prediction nomograms for design of hydraulic structure in Punjab |
|
Vipin Bansal L-93-AE—163-M |
1996 |
Prediction of design mean wind speed from parent population |
|
Deepak Gupta L-94-AE-103-M |
1997 |
Effect of curing compound on strength of concrete |
|
Gurnam Singh Hothi L-94-AE-104-M |
1995 |
Ground water pollution in the industrial belt of Ludhiana city |
|
Manu Kundra L-94-AE-105-M |
1995 |
Quality of ground water for domestic purpose along Buddha nala in the Ludhiana city |
|
Ritesh Kumar Jain L-94-AE-106-M |
1995 |
Treatment of domestic sewage by root zone technique |
|
Samit Sood L-95-AE-281-M |
1999 |
Computer aided optimum design of reinforced T Beams |
|
Sunil Aggarwal L-96-AE-278-M |
1995 |
Treatability study of agro industrial waste water using anaerobic baffled reactor |
|
Jasbir Singh L-96-AE-275-M |
1995 |
Treatment of industrial waste water using polyelectrolytes in combination with coagulants |
|
Mandeep Singh L-96-AE-276-M |
1995 |
Treatment of biogas slurry using polyelectrolytes in combination with coagulants |
|
Sonia Chutani L-98-AE-237-M |
2001 |
Optimum design of isolated column footing |
|
Satinder Kaur L-2000-AE-248-M |
2003 |
Reliability based design of prestressed concrete continuous beams. |
|
Virpal Kaur L-2001-AE-239-M |
2003 |
Reliability of Multi storeyed Steel Buildings to Wind Loading as per Indian Codal Provisions. |
|
Jagbir Singh L-2000-AE-244-M |
2003 |
Optimization footing subjected to combined loading |
|
Shri Anil Kumar Nanda L-2008-AE-123-M |
2010 |
Study of compressive strength and workability characteristics of concrete containing flyash & silica fume with super plasticizer |
|
Rattan Deep Singh L-2008-AE-124-M |
2012 |
Properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete using fly ash and recycled aggregates |
|
Kamaldeep Kaur L-2010-AE-156-M |
2012 |
To study the performance of concrete containing metakaolin and polypropylene fibre |
|
Ramneek Singh L-2010-AE-157-M |
2013 |
Influence of recycled aggregates, foundry sand and fly ash on compressive strength and workability of concrete |
|
Sushma Walia L-2010-AE-158-M |
2013 |
Computation of manning’s roughness coefficient and bed load transport in the presence of fine sediments in suspension |
|
Tanpreet Singh L-2010-AE-159-M |
2012 |
Performance study of concrete containing stone dust, marble powder and silica fume with super plasticizer |
|
Deepinder Singh Aulakh L-2011-AE- 160-M |
2014 |
Study on the characteristics of pervious concrete |
|
Jagmeet Singh L-2012-AE-192-M |
2015 |
Study on the performance of concrete using fly ash and copper slag |
|
Rajindervir Singh L-2012/13-AE-147-M |
2015 |
Performance study of concrete containing fibre, fly ash and air cooled blast furnace slag on compressive and flexural strength |
|
Devinder Singh L-2013-AE-142-M |
2016 |
Study on the performance of concrete using sugarcane bagasse ash and coal bottom ash |
|
Gurjit Singh L-2013-AE-143-M |
2016 |
Study on the performance of concrete using waste glass and sugarcane bagasse ash |
|
Karan Pratap Singh L-2013-AE-144-M |
2017 |
Characteristics of no sand pervious concrete containing plasticizer |
|
Manmeet Kaur Panesar L-2013-AE-145-M |
2016 |
Study on the performance of concrete using hypo sluge and polypropylene fibre |
|
Sandeep Kaur L-2014-AE-206-M |
2017 |
Assessment of groundwater vulnerability of Amritsar district using GIS based drastic method |
|
Harpreet Kaur L-2015-AE-187 -M |
2018 |
Study of durability and mechanical properties of concrete using textile mill sludge and plasticizer |
|
Kamaldeep Kaur L-2015-AE-188 -M |
2018 |
Experimental investigation on rice husk ash based geopolymer Mortar containing Nano Metakaolin |
|
Komalpreet Singh L-2015-AE-189 -M |
2018 |
Study of durability and temperature effect of compressive strength of concrete containing corncob ash |
|
Mandeep Kaur L-2015-AE-190 -M |
2018 |
Study on micro structure and pozzolonic properties of fly ash based geopolymer mortar containing Nano Metakaolin |
|
Pawandeep Kaur L-2017-AE-206-M |
2020 |
Characterization and testing of metakaolin based geopolymer mortar containing corncob ash along with carbon nano tubes |